It is tempting to sing the praises of nature. Sweet-smelling flowers, colourful kingfishers, a pastoral pond to dangle your feet in – gorgeous. The standard is (at least in Europe) set by breathtaking BBC-documentaries and dodgy TV-commercials. Presenting washing your hair in rivers as the ultimate state of happiness, and cheerful families in delightful green surroundings, buttering sandwiches all day long.
But jellyfish, spiders and round-worms, that’s a horse of a different colour. And what about the bacterial ooze in your drain or the snails that dine on the doings of a dog? Sheer nature, but hardly considered beautiful. Richard Attenborough once said that some footage is never broadcasted, for instance the cute little antelope that ran for its mother after a lion attack, with its bowels hanging out. Not all in nature is beautiful.
A long time ago Plato thought that beauty is evoked by the extent to which something resembles a pre-imprinted ideal in our ‘realm of thoughts’. In a way it seems logical. For instance, I have some holiday pictures in which I sit under a palm tree on a white tropical beach, a clear blue sea in the background. The more this picture resembles our idea of holiday, the more beautiful it seems. Apparently we have some idealized picture in our mind. But then: where does this idealized picture come from? Do we have a free supply when we are born?
Some of us think so. For instance, scientists have examined our preference for pastoral, Arcadian landscapes (in the Netherlands for instance Freek Couterier). Our preference is explained by deeper biological motives. The landscapes fulfilled a primeval sense, a memory from the times that we were primitive hunters-gatherers. Such a landscape offered enough food and shelter for a worriless existence, and the inhabitants had more chance of survival. In the same way, our feelings of affection for small creatures with large, innocent baby-eyes contributed to the continued existence of future generations. Our love and lust preferences for large, symmetrical people aided to keep that offspring as healthy and strong as possible. Resentment and fear do fit into this idea: bitter tastes, fungus, dead or malformed creatures, poop and garbage promise most of all disease, death and misery. Beauty is oriented towards what supports human survival.
My colleague Edo Knegtering will obtain his PhD next week with a dissertation, The Featheries and the Furries, on the preferences for colourful, big and cute animals in Dutch nature conservation. Many organisations admit that they focus mainly on these animals. And the government joins in as their interest is with pleasing the voters. Protecting fluffy and colourful creatures is acceptable. But a government that protects unsightly snails smaller than 2 millimetres, even delaying road construction because of them, has a lot of explaining to do in our automobile Netherlands. International research on communication has discovered a lot of these preferences: size, colour, texture of skin, the possession of a spine, children-like faces, resemblance to people, predatorily behaviour, competition with humans, economic value, social way of life… and so forth.
Suppose now that you and your family are happily buttering your bread in the countryside and suddenly you see a cute little rabbit. What do you actually see? According to the philosopher Kant we only see our own thoughts. He states that we can only see the world around us because we have pre-imprinted ideas of what we expect to see. The continuous flow of signals from our senses only takes on meaning as we have learned to add meaning to it. In the way that a baby learns that these vague visual blurs and the tickling of the belly are parents with food. That is to say, of course they are not parents, but it is very convenient for the baby to think that they are. And is if appears to be convenient for a lifetime to think so, than in due time we will accept this as reality. We think that our parents exist.
Kant’s theory also explains why people perceive different things as beautiful. If you look at my picture of the beach, you’ll see a place where you would like to go to, preferably today. You think that this place will offer you some time off, relaxation and an escape from your hectic existence. If I look at the same picture, in my mind I see the poverty of the people in the village, the demolition of the coral reef under water by dynamite fishing, and the tourist hotels just around the corner of the bay. Our interpretation is different, and so is our appraisal.
And how exactly does this appraisal work? I think: through emotions or feelings. I don’t know whether research has been conducted in this area. It simply seems logical that evolution has invented a mechanism that triggers during perception, at the exact same time of the rational assignment of meaning, a parallel system that induces sense. A kind of reflex. In the way that you pull back your hand from a flame even before you discover that it hurts, and long before you have explained rationally the meaning of your melting skin. Likewise, your body is already in a state of euphoria even before you have considered that the landscape with flowers might be a suitable place to rest and look for food.
Sidetrack. Fear, fury and pure hate are emotions as well, gloomy emotions (I know, this is a normative adjective, but ethics and aesthetics are in line). Is it possible that gloomy emotions also form the basis of such a ‘beautiful’ feeling? Yes it is. In the beginnings of the last century, the art world lost itself in a panting sequence of innovative movements. Of course these renewals could not continue for ever, and when all new ideas had been thought of, the artists focused on shocking the public. At first, they started rather decent, with empty walls, empty stages and concerts without a sound. But in the end the search across the borderline generated into pictures of torture, the crushing of goldfish in a blender and a show of dissected bodies of executed Chinese prisoners. Horror and pulp have a cult status. It is allowed to indulge in gloomy emotions, in the beauty of evil.
But wait… Are our preferences really ours? Do we determine ourselves what is beautiful and what not? No, of course not. An overload of commercials tries to stress our individual freedom of choice, but the truth is that beauty is mainly the norm of a group. Bony cover girls, cubic paintings and the last performance of the National Ballet – the feelings that they rouse are mainly determined by the way we share our thoughts about them with others. Call it fashion, yes. Or a little more sophisticated: culture. This also offers an evolutionary advantage: a person who conforms to the norm of the group has a higher chance of survival than an outcast. In overblown language Nietsche has described how he sees the world as a collection of meanings that we have attributed, with behind it a kind of hidden force that wants to express itself (‘will’). And that is in a state of continuous conflict with other forces from other people. What we see, or what we think we see, is a result of power. Unconsciously, like children in a schoolyard who say that pink is so much prettier for girls. Consciously, when an inhabitant of the Dutch city of Leiden refers to those beautiful seagulls as ’shrieking crap machines’. So maybe our preference for Arcadian landscapes has nothing to do with memories of our times as hunter-gatherers. Maybe it just comes from a time that landscape paintings were a response of the dominant culture to certain social developments.
So this is how it works with nature. The beauty is in the ideas that we have already and that are imposed upon us. We regard nature as beautiful, because it is repeatedly confirmed from specific points of view with specific purposes. Holiday nature. Nature to wash your hair in. Nature to drive through, smoothly and fast.
I thought of a picture of a rose as an illustration. Ever since Shakespeare the ultimate symbol of beauty. And what surprise when I read Hans Achterhuis this week. In ‘Natuur tussen mythe en ethiek’ he describes the rose as a technological product, scentless but with exact the right colour, produced with great precision, in endless monotonous rows, connected to a drip with artificial food, on rock wool, in closed systems, free of bacteria and other nasty natural influences. Pseudo-nature that has nothing to do with what traditionally was referred to as nature. “The rose as the end of nature.”
It is beauty, but not as we know it.









